Перевод: с английского на все языки

со всех языков на английский

avoid that at all costs

  • 1 avoid

    избега́ть

    avoid that at all costs — избега́йте э́того во что́ бы то ни ста́ло

    The Americanisms. English-Russian dictionary. > avoid

  • 2 all

    § ყველა, მთელი, ყველაფერი at all - სავსებით; not at all- სრულეითაც არა; all at once - უცბად, all the same - სულ ერთია; for all that - მიუხედავდ ამისა; all right - კარგი, კეთილი, არა უშავრს
    §
    1 მთელი
    all the money/the people მთელი ფული / ხალხი
    2 მთლად, მთლიანად
    I`m all in მთლად გამოვიფიტე
    I`m all for him მთლიანად მის მხარეზე ვარ
    3 სულ, სრულიად
    it`s all the same/ all one to me ჩემთვის სულერთია
    I`m not at all tired სულაც არა ვარ დაღლილი
    I don`t know him at all სულ არ ვიცნობ
    that`s all სულ ეგ არის, მორჩა
    I’ll go today if at all თუ საერთოდ წავალ, დღეს წავალ
    for all I care he may be offended სულაც არ მაწუხებს, ეწყინება თუ არა
    4 ყველა, ყველაფერი
    all is lost ყველაფერი დაიკარგა / წახდა
    all the rest ყველა / ყველაფერი დანარჩენი
    after all this is not so important ყველაფერს რომ თავი დავანებოთ, ეს არც ისე მნიშვნელოვანია
    above all უპირველეს ყოვლისა, პირველ რიგში
    of all the idiots he takes the prize მეორე ასეთი იდიოტი არ არსებობს / არ მეგულება
    all in all სულ // საერთო ჯამში
    all of a sudden უცებ, უცბად
    best of all ყველაზე ძალიან // ყველაფერზე მეტად
    I knew it all along თავიდანვე / იმთავითვე ვიცოდი
    he all but drowned დახრჩობას ცოტა დააკლდა // კინაღამ დაიხრჩო
    it`s not all that far არც ისე შორია // არც თუ ისე შორსაა
    I`m all right კარგად ვარ
    if it`s all right with you, I’ll come early თუ წინააღმდეგი არა ხარ, ადრე მოვალ
    all right! კარგი / კეთილი!
    that`s all right! არა უშავს
    he is not all there დალაგებული ვერ არის // ცოტა აფრენს
    for all that... მიუხედავად ამისა...
    ●●they were all by themselves სულ მარტო იყვნენ
    all right then მაშ, კარგი
    to go on all fours ოთხით ბობღვა / ფორთხვა
    for all his fault, he's a fine fellow მიუხედავად ყველა მისი ნაკლისა, კარგი ბიჭია
    at all events // in any event ყოველ შემთხვევაში
    your garden is all that could be desired. საოცნებო ბაღი გქონია
    the description of the thief was sent to all police stations ქურდის გარეგნობის აღწერილობა პოლიციის ყველა განყოფილებაში გაიგზავნა
    it all depends გააჩნია // გადაჭრით ვერ გეტყვი
    to crown it all... ყოველივეს დასაგვირგვინებლად // დასასრულ // დაბოლოს
    he gratifies all his daughter's whims თავის ქალიშვილს ყველა ახირებას უსრულებს
    all goes well / wrong ყველაფერი კარგად / ცუდად მიდის
    it will be best of all if... ყველაფერს აჯობებდა, რომ…
    it all arose from a misunderstanding ეს ყველაფერი გაუგებრობის გამო მოხდა / გაუგებრობის ბრალია
    I`m not all that anxious to see him არც ისე მწადდა მისი ნახვა
    all along თავიდანვე, თავდაპირველად
    that`s all hot air ეს წყლის ნაყვაა / ამაო ლაპარაკია
    he tries to absorb all the knowledge the teacher gives him ცდილობს მასწავლებლისაგან ყველაფერი ისწავლოს
    what`s all this about? რა ამბავია?//რა ხდება?
    I ache all over ყველაფერი მტკივა/დაბეგვილივით ვარ

    English-Georgian dictionary > all

  • 3 head

    hed
    1. noun
    1) (the top part of the human body, containing the eyes, mouth, brain etc; the same part of an animal's body: The stone hit him on the head; He scratched his head in amazement.) cabeza
    2) (a person's mind: An idea came into my head last night.) cabeza, mente
    3) (the height or length of a head: The horse won by a head.) cabeza
    4) (the chief or most important person (of an organization, country etc): Kings and presidents are heads of state; (also adjective) a head waiter; the head office.) cabeza, jefe
    5) (anything that is like a head in shape or position: the head of a pin; The boy knocked the heads off the flowers.) cabeza
    6) (the place where a river, lake etc begins: the head of the Nile.) fuente, nacimiento
    7) (the top, or the top part, of anything: Write your address at the head of the paper; the head of the table.) cabecera, principio
    8) (the front part: He walked at the head of the procession.) a la cabeza de, al frente de
    9) (a particular ability or tolerance: He has no head for heights; She has a good head for figures.) madera; cabeza
    10) (a headmaster or headmistress: You'd better ask the Head.) director; directora
    11) ((for) one person: This dinner costs $10 a head.) por cabeza
    12) (a headland: Beachy Head.) cabo, punta
    13) (the foam on the top of a glass of beer etc.) espuma

    2. verb
    1) (to go at the front of or at the top of (something): The procession was headed by the band; Whose name headed the list?) encabezar
    2) (to be in charge of; to be the leader of: He heads a team of scientists investigating cancer.) encabezar, estar al frente de, dirigir
    3) ((often with for) to (cause to) move in a certain direction: The explorers headed south; The boys headed for home; You're heading for disaster!) dirigirse a, encaminarse hacia, ir rumbo a
    4) (to put or write something at the beginning of: His report was headed `Ways of Preventing Industrial Accidents'.) titular
    5) ((in football) to hit the ball with the head: He headed the ball into the goal.) cabecear, rematar con la cabeza
    •
    - - headed
    - header
    - heading
    - heads
    - headache
    - headband
    - head-dress
    - headfirst
    - headgear
    - headlamp
    - headland
    - headlight
    - headline
    - headlines
    - headlong
    - head louse
    - headmaster
    - head-on
    - headphones
    - headquarters
    - headrest
    - headscarf
    - headsquare
    - headstone
    - headstrong
    - headwind
    - above someone's head
    - go to someone's head
    - head off
    - head over heels
    - heads or tails?
    - keep one's head
    - lose one's head
    - make head or tail of
    - make headway
    - off one's head
    head1 n
    1. cabeza
    mind your head! ¡cuidado con la cabeza!
    2. cabecera
    3. jefe / director
    head2 vb
    1. encabezar / ir a la cabeza
    2. cabecear / dar de cabeza
    to head for... dirigirse a... / ir camino de...
    I'm heading for home me dirijo a casa / voy camino de casa
    tr[hed]
    1 (gen) cabeza; (mind) mente nombre femenino
    2 (on tape recorder, video) cabezal nombre masculino
    3 (of bed, table) cabecera
    4 (of page) principio
    5 (on beer) espuma
    6 (cape) cabo, punta
    7 (of school, company) director,-ra
    ■ four hundred head of cattle cuatrocientas reses, cuatrocientas cabezas de ganado
    9 (coin) cara
    10 (of cabbage, lettuce) cogollo; (of cauliflower) pella
    1 principal, jefe
    1 (company, list etc) encabezar
    2 (ball) rematar de cabeza, dar un cabezazo a, cabecear
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    from head to toe / from head to foot de pies a cabeza
    heads or tails? ¿cara o cruz?
    off the top of one's head sin pensárselo, así de entrada
    on your own head be it! ¡allá te las compongas!
    per head por barba, por cabeza
    ■ it cost us £12 per head nos costó doce libras por barba
    to be head over heels in love with somebody estar locamente enamorado,-a de alguien
    to be off one's head estar chiflado,-a
    to bite somebody's head off familiar echar una bronca a alguien
    to do something standing on one's head hacer algo con los ojos vendados
    to have a good head for figures tener facilidad para los números
    to have a head for heights no padecer vértigo
    to keep one's head above water mantenerse a flote
    to keep one's head mantener la calma
    to laugh one's head off reírse a carcajadas
    two heads are better than one cuatro ojos ven más que dos
    head teacher director,-ra
    head start ventaja
    head office oficina central
    head ['hɛd] vt
    1) lead: encabezar
    2) direct: dirigir
    head vi
    : dirigirse
    head adj
    main: principal
    the head office: la oficina central, la sede
    head n
    1) : cabeza f
    from head to foot: de pies a cabeza
    2) mind: mente f, cabeza f
    3) tip, top: cabeza f (de un clavo, un martillo, etc.), cabecera f (de una mesa o un río), punta f (de una flecha), flor m (de un repollo, etc.), encabezamiento m (de una carta, etc.), espuma f (de cerveza)
    4) director, leader: director m, -tora f; jefe m, -fa f; cabeza f (de una familia)
    5) : cara f (de una moneda)
    heads or tails: cara o cruz
    6) : cabeza f
    500 head of cattle: 500 cabezas de ganado
    $10 a head: $10 por cabeza
    7)
    to come to a head : llegar a un punto crítico
    adj.
    • primero, -a adj.
    • principal adj.
    n.
    • cabecera s.f.
    • cabeza s.f.
    • cabezuela s.f.
    • director s.m.
    • dirigente s.m.
    • encabezamiento s.m.
    • mayor s.m.
    • mollera s.f.
    • principal s.m.
    • testa s.f.
    head (s.o.) off (On the road, etc.)
    expr.
    • atajar v.
    • cortarle el paso expr.
    v.
    • cabecear v.
    • descabezar v.
    • dirigir v.
    • encabezar v.
    • mandar v.
    hed
    I
    1) ( Anat) cabeza f

    to stand on one's head — pararse de cabeza (AmL), hacer* el pino (Esp)

    from head to foot o toe — de pies a cabeza, de arriba (a) abajo

    he's a head taller than his brother — le lleva or le saca la cabeza a su hermano

    head over heels: she tripped and went head over heels down the steps tropezó y cayó rodando escaleras abajo; to be head over heels in love estar* locamente or perdidamente enamorado; heads up! (AmE colloq) ojo! (fam), cuidado!; on your/his (own) head be it la responsabilidad es tuya/suya; to bang one's head against a (brick) wall darse* (con) la cabeza contra la pared; to be able to do something standing on one's head poder* hacer algo con los ojos cerrados; to bite o snap somebody's head off echarle una bronca a alguien (fam); to bury one's head in the sand hacer* como el avestruz; to get one's head down (colloq) ( work hard) ponerse* a trabajar en serio; ( settle for sleep) (BrE) irse* a dormir; to go over somebody's head ( bypassing hierarchy) pasar por encima de alguien; ( exceeding comprehension): his lecture went straight over my head no entendí nada de su conferencia; to go to somebody's head subírsele a la cabeza a alguien; to have a big o swelled o (BrE) swollen head ser* un creído; he's getting a swelled o (BrE) swollen head se le están subiendo los humos a la cabeza; to have one's head in the clouds tener* la cabeza llena de pájaros; to hold one's head up o high o up high ir* con la cabeza bien alta; to keep one's head above water mantenerse* a flote; to keep one's head down ( avoid attention) mantenerse* al margen; ( work hard) no levantar la cabeza; (lit: keep head lowered) no levantar la cabeza; to knock something on the head (colloq) dar* al traste con algo; to laugh one's head off reírse* a mandíbula batiente, desternillarse de (la) risa; to scream/shout one's head off gritar a voz en cuello; to make head or tail o (AmE also) heads or tails of something entender* algo; I can't make head or tail of it para mí esto no tiene ni pies ni cabeza; to rear one's ugly head: racism/fascism reared its ugly head again volvió a aparecer el fantasma del racismo/fascismo; to stand/be head and shoulders above somebody ( be superior) darle* cien vueltas a alguien, estar* muy por encima de alguien; to stand o turn something on its head darle* la vuelta a algo, poner* algo patas arriba (fam), dar* vuelta algo (CS); to turn somebody's head: the sort of good looks that turn heads el tipo de belleza que llama la atención or que hace que la gente se vuelva a mirar; (before n) head injury — lesión f en la cabeza

    2) (mind, brain) cabeza f

    he needs his head examined — está or anda mal de la cabeza

    she has a good head for business/figures — tiene cabeza para los negocios/los números

    use your head! — usa la cabeza!, piensa un poco!

    if we put our heads together, we'll be able to think of something — si lo pensamos juntos, algo se nos ocurrirá

    it never entered my head that... — ni se me pasó por la cabeza or jamás pensé que...

    to get something into somebody's head — meterle* algo en la cabeza a alguien

    to be off one's head — (colloq) estar* chiflado (fam), estar* or andar* mal de la cabeza

    to be out of one's head — (sl) ( on drugs) estar* flipado or volado or (Col) volando or (Méx) hasta atrás (arg); ( drunk) estar* como una cuba (fam)

    to be soft o weak in the head — estar* mal de la cabeza

    to get one's head (a)round something: I can't get my head (a)round this new system no me entra este nuevo sistema; to have one's head screwed on (right o the right way) (colloq) tener* la cabeza bien puesta or sentada; to keep/lose one's head mantener*/perder* la calma; two heads are better than one — cuatro ojos ven más que dos

    3)
    a) ( of celery) cabeza f; (of nail, tack, pin) cabeza f; (of spear, arrow) punta f; ( of hammer) cabeza f, cotillo m; ( of pimple) punta f, cabeza f; ( on beer) espuma f; ( of river) cabecera f
    b) (top end - of bed, table) cabecera f; (- of page, letter) encabezamiento m; (- of procession, line) cabeza f
    4)
    a) ( chief) director, -tora m,f

    head of state/government — jefe, -fa m,f de Estado/de Gobierno

    the head of the household — el/la cabeza de familia; (before n)

    head buyer — jefe, -fa m,f de compras

    head girl/boy — (BrE Educ) alumno elegido para representar al alumnado de un colegio

    head waiter — maître m, capitán m de meseros (Méx)

    b) ( head teacher) (esp BrE) director, -tora m,f (de colegio)
    5)
    a) ( person)

    $15 per head — 15 dólares por cabeza or persona

    b) pl head ( Agr)
    6) ( crisis)

    to come to a head — hacer* crisis, llegar* a un punto crítico

    7)
    a) ( magnetic device) (Audio, Comput) cabeza f, cabezal m
    b) ( of drill) cabezal m
    c) ( cylinder head) culata f
    8) ( Geog) cabo m

    II
    1.
    1)
    a) \<\<march/procession\>\> encabezar*, ir* a la cabeza de; \<\<list\>\> encabezar*
    b) \<\<revolt\>\> acaudillar, ser* el cabecilla de; \<\<team\>\> capitanear; \<\<expedition/department\>\> dirigir*, estar* al frente de
    2) ( direct) (+ adv compl) \<\<vehicle/ship\>\> dirigir*

    which way are you headed? — ¿hacia or para dónde vas?

    3) ( in soccer) \<\<ball\>\> cabecear
    4) \<\<page/chapter\>\> encabezar*

    2.
    vi

    where are you heading? — ¿hacia or para dónde vas?

    Phrasal Verbs:
    [hed]
    1. N
    1) (=part of body) cabeza f

    • my head aches — me duele la cabeza

    • the horse won by a (short) head — el caballo ganó por una cabeza (escasa)

    • he went head first into the ditch/wall — se cayó de cabeza en la zanja/se dio de cabeza contra la pared

    • from head to foot — de pies a cabeza

    • to give a horse its head — soltar las riendas a un caballo

    to give sb his/her head — dar rienda suelta a algn

    • wine goes to my head — el vino se me sube a la cabeza

    • head of hair — cabellera f

    • to go head over heels — caer de cabeza

    • to keep one's head down — (lit) no levantar la cabeza; (=work hard) trabajar de lo lindo; (=avoid being noticed) intentar pasar desapercibido

    • to nod one's head — decir que sí or asentir con la cabeza

    • to shake one's head — decir que no or negar con la cabeza

    • he stands head and shoulders above the rest — (lit) les saca más de una cabeza a los demás; (fig) los demás no le llegan a la suela del zapato

    • to stand on one's head — hacer el pino

    • she is a head taller than her sister — le saca una cabeza a su hermana

    • from head to toe — de pies a cabeza

    • I ought to bang or knock your heads together — os voy a dar un coscorrón a los dos *

    • he turned his head and looked back at her — volvió la cabeza y la miró

    - have one's head up one's arse or ass
    - bite sb's head off
    - put or lay one's head on the block
    - get one's head down

    to go over sb's head —

    - hold one's head up high
    - laugh one's head off
    - stand or turn sth on its head
    - want sb's head on a plate
    - turn one's head the other way
    - bury or hide or stick one's head in the sand
    - scream/shout one's head off

    I can't make head nor or or tail of what he's saying — no entiendo nada de lo que dice

    - turn heads
    - keep one's head above water
    acid 3., cloud 1., hang 1., 1), knock, price 1., 1), rear, swell 3., 1), top I, 1., 11)
    2) (=intellect, mind) cabeza f

    use your head! — ¡usa la cabeza!

    it's gone right out of my head — se me ha ido de la cabeza, se me ha olvidado

    • it was above their heads — no lo entendían

    • it's better to come to it with a clear head in the morning — es mejor hacerlo por la mañana con la cabeza despejada

    • it never entered my head — ni se me pasó por la cabeza siquiera

    • you need your head examining or examined — tú estás mal de la cabeza

    • to have a head for business/figures — ser bueno para los negocios/con los números

    • I have no head for heights — tengo vértigo

    • to do a sum in one's head — hacer un cálculo mental

    • he has got it into his head that... — se le ha metido en la cabeza que...

    I wish he would get it into his thick head that... — ya me gustaría que le entrara en ese cabezón que tiene que...

    who put that (idea) into your head? — ¿quién te ha metido eso en la cabeza?

    • I can't get that tune out of my head — no puedo quitarme esa música de la cabeza

    • it was over their heads — no lo entendían

    • I'm sure if we put our heads together we can work something out — estoy seguro de que si intercambiamos ideas encontraremos una solución

    • to take it into one's head to do sth, he took it into his head to go to Australia — se le metió en la cabeza ir a Australia

    • don't worry your head about it — no te preocupes, no le des muchas vueltas

    - keep one's head
    - lose one's head
    - be/go off one's head

    you must be off your head! — ¡estás como una cabra!

    - be out of one's head
    - he's got his head screwed on
    - be soft or weak in the head
    - go soft in the head
    3) (=leader) [of firm] director(a) m / f; (esp Brit) [of school] director(a) m / f

    • head of department — (in school, firm) jefe(-a) m / f de departamento

    head of French — el jefe/la jefa del departamento de francés

    • head of (the) household — cabeza mf de familia

    • head of state — (Pol) jefe(-a) m / f de Estado

    4) (=top part) [of hammer, pin, spot] cabeza f; [of arrow, spear] punta f; [of stick, cane] puño m; [of bed, page] cabecera f; [of stairs] parte f alta; (on beer) espuma f; [of river] cabecera f, nacimiento m; [of valley] final m; [of mountain pass] cima f

    at the head of — [+ organization] a la cabeza de; [+ train] en la parte delantera de

    to sit at the head of the table — sentarse en la cabecera de la mesa, presidir la mesa

    5) (Bot) [of flower] cabeza f, flor f; [of corn] mazorca f

    • a head of celery/ garlic — una cabeza de apio/ajo

    • a head of lettuce — una lechuga

    6) (Tech) (on tape-recorder) cabezal m, cabeza f magnética; [of cylinder] culata f; (Comput) cabeza f

    reading/writing head — cabeza f de lectura/grabación

    7) (=culmination)

    • this will bring matters to a head — esto llevará las cosas a un punto crítico

    • to come to a head — [situation] alcanzar un punto crítico

    8) heads (on coin) cara f

    heads or tails? — ¿cara o cruz?, ¿águila o sol? (Mex)

    9) (no pl) (=unit)

    £15 a or per head — 15 libras por cabeza or persona

    10) (Naut) proa f

    head to wind — con la proa a barlovento or de cara al viento

    11) (Geog) cabo m
    12) (=pressure)

    head of steam — presión f de vapor

    head of water — presión f de agua

    13) (=height) [of water]
    14) (=title) titular m; (=subject heading) encabezamiento m

    this comes under the head of... — esto viene en el apartado de...

    2. VT
    1) (=be at front of) [+ procession, league, poll] encabezar, ir a la cabeza de; [+ list] encabezar
    2) (=be in charge of) [+ organization] dirigir; (Sport) [+ team] capitanear
    3) (=steer) [+ ship, car, plane] dirigir
    4) (Ftbl) [+ goal] cabecear
    5) [+ chapter] encabezar
    3.
    VI

    where are you heading or headed? — ¿hacia dónde vas?, ¿para dónde vas?

    he hitched a ride on a truck heading or headed west — hizo autostop y lo recogió un camión que iba hacia el oeste

    they were heading home/back to town — volvían a casa/a la ciudad

    4.
    CPD

    head boy N — (Brit) (Scol) ≈ delegado m de la escuela (alumno)

    head buyer N — jefe(-a) m / f de compras

    head case * N — (Brit) majara * mf, chiflado(-a) * m / f

    head cheese N — (US) queso m de cerdo, cabeza f de jabalí (Sp), carne f en gelatina

    head chef N — chef mf, jefe(-a) m / f de cocina

    head coach N — (Sport) primer(a) entrenador(a) m / f

    head cold N — resfriado m (de cabeza)

    head count N — recuento m de personas

    head gardener N — jefe(-a) m / f de jardineros

    head girl N — (Brit) (Scol) ≈ delegada f de la escuela (alumna)

    head height N — altura f de la cabeza

    • at head height — a la altura de la cabeza

    head injury N — herida f en la cabeza

    head massage N — masaje m en la cabeza

    • to give sb a head massage — masajearle la cabeza a algn, darle un masaje en la cabeza a algn

    head nurse N — enfermero(-a) m / f jefe

    head office N — sede f central

    head prefect N — (Brit) (Scol) ≈ delegado(-a) m / f de la escuela (alumno/alumna)

    head restraint N — (Aut) apoyacabezas m inv, reposacabezas m inv

    to have a head start (over or on sb) — (Sport, fig) tener ventaja (sobre algn)

    he has a head start over other candidates — tiene ventaja sobre or les lleva ventaja a otros candidatos

    head wound N — herida f en la cabeza

    * * *
    [hed]
    I
    1) ( Anat) cabeza f

    to stand on one's head — pararse de cabeza (AmL), hacer* el pino (Esp)

    from head to foot o toe — de pies a cabeza, de arriba (a) abajo

    he's a head taller than his brother — le lleva or le saca la cabeza a su hermano

    head over heels: she tripped and went head over heels down the steps tropezó y cayó rodando escaleras abajo; to be head over heels in love estar* locamente or perdidamente enamorado; heads up! (AmE colloq) ojo! (fam), cuidado!; on your/his (own) head be it la responsabilidad es tuya/suya; to bang one's head against a (brick) wall darse* (con) la cabeza contra la pared; to be able to do something standing on one's head poder* hacer algo con los ojos cerrados; to bite o snap somebody's head off echarle una bronca a alguien (fam); to bury one's head in the sand hacer* como el avestruz; to get one's head down (colloq) ( work hard) ponerse* a trabajar en serio; ( settle for sleep) (BrE) irse* a dormir; to go over somebody's head ( bypassing hierarchy) pasar por encima de alguien; ( exceeding comprehension): his lecture went straight over my head no entendí nada de su conferencia; to go to somebody's head subírsele a la cabeza a alguien; to have a big o swelled o (BrE) swollen head ser* un creído; he's getting a swelled o (BrE) swollen head se le están subiendo los humos a la cabeza; to have one's head in the clouds tener* la cabeza llena de pájaros; to hold one's head up o high o up high ir* con la cabeza bien alta; to keep one's head above water mantenerse* a flote; to keep one's head down ( avoid attention) mantenerse* al margen; ( work hard) no levantar la cabeza; (lit: keep head lowered) no levantar la cabeza; to knock something on the head (colloq) dar* al traste con algo; to laugh one's head off reírse* a mandíbula batiente, desternillarse de (la) risa; to scream/shout one's head off gritar a voz en cuello; to make head or tail o (AmE also) heads or tails of something entender* algo; I can't make head or tail of it para mí esto no tiene ni pies ni cabeza; to rear one's ugly head: racism/fascism reared its ugly head again volvió a aparecer el fantasma del racismo/fascismo; to stand/be head and shoulders above somebody ( be superior) darle* cien vueltas a alguien, estar* muy por encima de alguien; to stand o turn something on its head darle* la vuelta a algo, poner* algo patas arriba (fam), dar* vuelta algo (CS); to turn somebody's head: the sort of good looks that turn heads el tipo de belleza que llama la atención or que hace que la gente se vuelva a mirar; (before n) head injury — lesión f en la cabeza

    2) (mind, brain) cabeza f

    he needs his head examined — está or anda mal de la cabeza

    she has a good head for business/figures — tiene cabeza para los negocios/los números

    use your head! — usa la cabeza!, piensa un poco!

    if we put our heads together, we'll be able to think of something — si lo pensamos juntos, algo se nos ocurrirá

    it never entered my head that... — ni se me pasó por la cabeza or jamás pensé que...

    to get something into somebody's head — meterle* algo en la cabeza a alguien

    to be off one's head — (colloq) estar* chiflado (fam), estar* or andar* mal de la cabeza

    to be out of one's head — (sl) ( on drugs) estar* flipado or volado or (Col) volando or (Méx) hasta atrás (arg); ( drunk) estar* como una cuba (fam)

    to be soft o weak in the head — estar* mal de la cabeza

    to get one's head (a)round something: I can't get my head (a)round this new system no me entra este nuevo sistema; to have one's head screwed on (right o the right way) (colloq) tener* la cabeza bien puesta or sentada; to keep/lose one's head mantener*/perder* la calma; two heads are better than one — cuatro ojos ven más que dos

    3)
    a) ( of celery) cabeza f; (of nail, tack, pin) cabeza f; (of spear, arrow) punta f; ( of hammer) cabeza f, cotillo m; ( of pimple) punta f, cabeza f; ( on beer) espuma f; ( of river) cabecera f
    b) (top end - of bed, table) cabecera f; (- of page, letter) encabezamiento m; (- of procession, line) cabeza f
    4)
    a) ( chief) director, -tora m,f

    head of state/government — jefe, -fa m,f de Estado/de Gobierno

    the head of the household — el/la cabeza de familia; (before n)

    head buyer — jefe, -fa m,f de compras

    head girl/boy — (BrE Educ) alumno elegido para representar al alumnado de un colegio

    head waiter — maître m, capitán m de meseros (Méx)

    b) ( head teacher) (esp BrE) director, -tora m,f (de colegio)
    5)
    a) ( person)

    $15 per head — 15 dólares por cabeza or persona

    b) pl head ( Agr)
    6) ( crisis)

    to come to a head — hacer* crisis, llegar* a un punto crítico

    7)
    a) ( magnetic device) (Audio, Comput) cabeza f, cabezal m
    b) ( of drill) cabezal m
    c) ( cylinder head) culata f
    8) ( Geog) cabo m

    II
    1.
    1)
    a) \<\<march/procession\>\> encabezar*, ir* a la cabeza de; \<\<list\>\> encabezar*
    b) \<\<revolt\>\> acaudillar, ser* el cabecilla de; \<\<team\>\> capitanear; \<\<expedition/department\>\> dirigir*, estar* al frente de
    2) ( direct) (+ adv compl) \<\<vehicle/ship\>\> dirigir*

    which way are you headed? — ¿hacia or para dónde vas?

    3) ( in soccer) \<\<ball\>\> cabecear
    4) \<\<page/chapter\>\> encabezar*

    2.
    vi

    where are you heading? — ¿hacia or para dónde vas?

    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > head

  • 4 spare

    1. adjective
    1) (not in use) übrig

    spare time/moment — Freizeit, die/freier Augenblick

    are there any spare tickets for Friday? — gibt es noch Karten für Freitag?

    2) (for use when needed) zusätzlich, Extra[bett, -tasse]

    spare room — Gästezimmer, das

    go spare — (Brit. coll.): (be very angry) durchdrehen (salopp)

    2. noun
    Ersatzteil, das/-reifen, der usw.
    3. transitive verb
    1) (do without) entbehren

    can you spare me a moment? — hast du einen Augenblick Zeit für mich?

    2) (not inflict on)
    3) (not hurt) [ver]schonen
    4) (fail to use)

    not spare any expense/pains or efforts — keine Kosten/Mühe scheuen

    no expense spared — an nichts gespart. See also academic.ru/62742/rod">rod 3)

    * * *
    [speə] 1. verb
    1) (to manage without: No-one can be spared from this office.) verschonen
    2) (to afford or set aside for a purpose: I can't spare the time for a holiday.) erübrigen
    3) (to treat with mercy; to avoid injuring etc: `Spare us!' they begged.) verschonen
    4) (to avoid causing grief, trouble etc to (a person): Break the news gently in order to spare her as much as possible.) ersparen
    5) (to avoid using, spending etc: He spared no expense in his desire to help us.) sparen
    6) (to avoid troubling (a person with something); to save( a person trouble etc): I answered the letter myself in order to spare you the bother.) ersparen
    2. adjective
    1) (extra; not actually being used: We haven't a spare (bed) room for guests in our house.) Ersatz-...
    2) ((of time etc) free for leisure etc: What do you do in your spare time?) die Freizeit
    3. noun
    1) (a spare part (for a car etc): They sell spares at that garage.) das Ersatzteil
    2) (an extra wheel etc, kept for emergencies.) der Reservereifen
    •
    - sparing
    - sparingly
    - spare part
    - spare rib
    - and to spare
    - to spare
    * * *
    [speəʳ, AM sper]
    I. vt
    1. (not kill)
    ▪ to \spare sb jdn verschonen
    ▪ to \spare sb jdn schonen
    ▪ to not \spare oneself [in sth] ( form) sich akk selbst [bei etw dat] nicht schonen
    to \spare sb's feelings jds Gefühle schonen, Rücksicht auf jds Gefühle nehmen
    ▪ to \spare sb sth jdm etw ersparen
    the government troops have been \spared loss of life bis jetzt sind den Regierungstruppen Verluste [an Menschenleben] erspart geblieben
    \spare us the suspense and tell us who won the first prize spann uns nicht auf die Folter und erzähl uns, wer den ersten Preis gewonnen hat
    to \spare sb embarrassment/worry jdm Peinlichkeiten/Sorgen ersparen
    ▪ to \spare sth mit etw dat sparen
    to \spare no costs [or expense] keine Kosten scheuen
    to \spare no effort[s] [or pains] [in sth] [bei etw dat] keine Mühen scheuen
    5. (do without)
    ▪ to \spare sb/sth jdn/etw entbehren, auf jdn/etw verzichten
    can you \spare one of those apples? kannst du mir einen dieser Äpfel geben?
    to \spare room for sth für etw akk Platz [frei] haben
    to have sth to \spare etw übrig haben
    6. (make free)
    there's no time to \spare es ist keine Zeit übrig
    to \spare [the] time [for sth] Zeit [für etw akk] übrig haben
    to not have time to \spare keine Zeit zu verlieren haben
    7. (give)
    ▪ to \spare sb sth jdm etw geben
    could you \spare me £10 [or £10 for me]? kannst du mir 10 Pfund leihen?
    to \spare a thought for sb an jdn denken
    8.
    ▶ to \spare sb's blushes BRIT jdn nicht in Verlegenheit bringen
    ▶ to \spare one's breath ( iron) sich dat die Worte sparen
    ▶ \spare the rod and spoil the child ( prov) wer mit der Rute spart, verzieht das Kind prov
    ▶ to \spare übrig haben
    I caught the plane with only two minutes to \spare ich erreichte das Flugzeug zwei Minuten vor dem Abflug
    II. adj
    1. inv (extra) Ersatz-
    all children should bring a \spare set of clothes alle Kinder sollten Kleider zum Wechseln mitbringen
    is this seat \spare? ist dieser Platz noch frei?
    \spare [bed]room Gästezimmer nt
    to have some \spare cash noch etwas Geld übrig haben
    \spare key Ersatzschlüssel m
    to have a \spare minute [or moment] einen Moment Zeit haben
    to be going \spare BRIT ( fam) übrig bleiben
    do you want this piece of cake? — yes, if it's going \spare willst du dieses Stück Kuchen? — ja, wenn es sonst keiner will
    2. ( liter: thin) hager
    \spare build hagerer Körperbau
    3. ( liter: meagre) mager
    to survive on a \spare diet mit dürftiger Kost auskommen
    \spare meal mageres Essen
    4. ( usu approv liter: modest) einfach
    the room was \spare in design der Raum war sparsam ausgestattet
    5. inv BRIT (sl: crazy)
    to drive sb \spare jdn wahnsinnig machen fam
    to go \spare durchdrehen sl
    III. n
    1. (reserve) Reserve f
    I seem to have lost my key but luckily I always carry a \spare ich habe wohl meinen Schlüssel verloren, aber glücklicherweise trage ich immer einen Ersatzschlüssel bei mir
    2. (parts)
    ▪ \spares pl Ersatzteile pl
    * * *
    [spɛə(r)]
    1. adj
    1) den/die/das man nicht braucht, übrig pred; (= surplus) überzählig, übrig pred

    have you any spare string?, have you any string spare? — kannst du mir (einen) Bindfaden geben?, hast du (einen) Bindfaden für mich?

    I can give you a racket/pencil, I have a spare one — ich kann dir einen Schläger/Bleistift geben, ich habe noch einen or ich habe einen übrig

    take a spare pen in case that one doesn't work — nehmen Sie noch einen Füller mit, falls dieser nicht funktioniert

    it's all the spare cash I have —

    when you have a few spare minutes or a few minutes spare —

    2) (= thin) hager; (= meagre) dürftig
    3)

    to go spare — durchdrehen (inf), wild werden (inf)

    2. n
    Ersatzteil nt; (= tyre) Reserverad nt
    3. vt
    1) usu neg (= grudge, use sparingly) sparen mit; expense, pains, effort scheuen

    we must spare no effort in trying to finish this job —

    there was no expense spared in building this hotel — beim Bau dieses Hotels ist an nichts gespart worden or hat man keine Kosten gescheut

    spare the rod and spoil the child (prov) — wer mit der Rute spart, verzieht das Kind (Prov)

    2) (= give) money etc übrig haben; space, room frei haben; time (übrig) haben

    to spare sb sth — jdm etw überlassen or geben; money jdm etw geben

    can you spare the time to do it? — haben Sie Zeit, das zu machen?

    I can spare you five minutes —

    there is none to spare — es ist keine(r, s) übrig

    to have sth to spare —

    to have a few minutes/hours to spare — ein paar Minuten/Stunden Zeit haben

    I got to the theatre/airport with two minutes to spare — ich war zwei Minuten vor Beginn der Vorstellung im Theater/vor Abflug am Flughafen

    3) (= do without) person, object entbehren, verzichten auf (+acc)

    I can't spare him/it — ich kann ihn/es nicht entbehren, ich kann auf ihn/es nicht verzichten, ich brauche ihn/es unbedingt

    can you spare this for a moment? — brauchst du das gerade?, kannst du das im Moment entbehren?

    to spare a thought for sb/sth — an jdn/etw denken

    4) (= show mercy to) verschonen; (= refrain from upsetting) sb, sb's feelings schonen

    the fire spared nothing —

    5)

    (= save) to spare sb/oneself sth — jdm/sich etw ersparen

    spare me the gory details — verschone mich mit den grausigen Einzelheiten

    to spare him any embarrassment — um ihn nicht in Verlegenheit zu bringen

    he has been spared the ordeal of seeing her again — es blieb ihm erspart, sie noch einmal sehen zu müssen

    * * *
    spare [speə(r)]
    A v/t
    1. jemanden oder etwas verschonen, einen Gegner, jemandes Gefühle, jemandes Leben schonen:
    (not) spare o.s. sich (nicht) schonen;
    spare his blushes bring ihn doch nicht in Verlegenheit!
    2. sparsam oder schonend umgehen mit, schonen:
    don’t spare the paint spar nicht mit (der) Farbe; → effort 1, expense Bes Redew, pain A 3, rod 3
    3. jemandem etwas ersparen, jemanden verschonen mit:
    spare me the trouble erspare mir die Mühe;
    spare me these explanations verschone mich mit diesen Erklärungen
    4. jemanden entbehren
    5. etwas entbehren, erübrigen, übrig haben:
    can you spare me a cigarette (a moment)? hast du eine Zigarette (einen Augenblick Zeit) für mich (übrig)?;
    have no time to spare keine Zeit (zu verlieren) haben; → enough B
    B v/i sparsam leben
    C adj
    1. Ersatz…, Reserve…:
    spare tire (bes Br tyre)
    a) Reserve-, Ersatzreifen m
    b) Br umg hum Rettungsring m (Fettwulst um die Hüfte);
    spare part → D 1;
    spare-part surgery MED Ersatzteilchirurgie f;
    spare wheel Reserve-, Ersatzrad n; you can have my biro, I’ve got a spare one ich hab noch einen
    2. überflüssig, -schüssig, übrig:
    do you have five spare minutes? haben Sie fünf Minuten Zeit (übrig)?;
    spare moment freier Augenblick;
    spare room Gästezimmer n;
    spare time ( oder hours pl) Freizeit f;
    spare-time activities pl Freizeitgestaltung f
    3. sparsam, kärglich
    4. sparsam (Person)
    5. mager (Person)
    a) jemanden auf die Palme bringen,
    b) jemanden verrückt machen ( with mit);
    go spare auf die Palme gehen
    D s
    1. TECH Ersatzteil n/m
    2. Reserve-, Ersatzreifen m
    3. Bowling: Spare m (Abräumen mit 2 Würfen)
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) (not in use) übrig

    spare time/moment — Freizeit, die/freier Augenblick

    2) (for use when needed) zusätzlich, Extra[bett, -tasse]

    spare room — Gästezimmer, das

    go spare — (Brit. coll.): (be very angry) durchdrehen (salopp)

    2. noun
    Ersatzteil, das/-reifen, der usw.
    3. transitive verb
    1) (do without) entbehren
    3) (not hurt) [ver]schonen

    not spare any expense/pains or efforts — keine Kosten/Mühe scheuen

    no expense spared — an nichts gespart. See also rod 3)

    * * *
    adj.
    frei adj.
    übrig adj. v.
    entbehren v.
    erübrigen v.
    jemandem etwas ersparen ausdr.
    jemanden verschonen ausdr.
    schonen v.
    sparen v.
    verschonen v.
    übrig haben ausdr.

    English-german dictionary > spare

  • 5 keep

    ki:p
    1. past tense, past participle - kept; verb
    1) (to have for a very long or indefinite period of time: He gave me the picture to keep.) guardar
    2) (not to give or throw away; to preserve: I kept the most interesting books; Can you keep a secret?) guardar
    3) (to (cause to) remain in a certain state or position: I keep this gun loaded; How do you keep cool in this heat?; Will you keep me informed of what happens?) mantener, conservar
    4) (to go on (performing or repeating a certain action): He kept walking.) continuar, seguir
    5) (to have in store: I always keep a tin of baked beans for emergencies.) guardar
    6) (to look after or care for: She keeps the garden beautifully; I think they keep hens.) tener; cuidar (un jardín); criar, dedicarse a criar (animales)
    7) (to remain in good condition: That meat won't keep in this heat unless you put it in the fridge.) conservar
    8) (to make entries in (a diary, accounts etc): She keeps a diary to remind her of her appointments; He kept the accounts for the club.) tener; llevar (al día)
    9) (to hold back or delay: Sorry to keep you.) retener, entretener
    10) (to provide food, clothes, housing for (someone): He has a wife and child to keep.) mantener
    11) (to act in the way demanded by: She kept her promise.) cumplir
    12) (to celebrate: to keep Christmas.) celebrar

    2. noun
    (food and lodging: She gives her mother money every week for her keep; Our cat really earns her keep - she kills all the mice in the house.) sustento
    - keeping
    - keep-fit
    - keepsake
    - for keeps
    - in keeping with
    - keep away
    - keep back
    - keep one's distance
    - keep down
    - keep one's end up
    - keep from
    - keep going
    - keep hold of
    - keep house for
    - keep house
    - keep in
    - keep in mind
    - keep it up
    - keep off
    - keep on
    - keep oneself to oneself
    - keep out
    - keep out of
    - keep time
    - keep to
    - keep something to oneself
    - keep to oneself
    - keep up
    - keep up with the Joneses
    - keep watch
    keep1 n manutención
    I earn my keep by looking after the house a cambio de comida y cobijo, vigilo la casa
    keep2 vb
    1. quedarse / guardar
    I'm only lending it to you, you can't keep it sólo te lo dejo prestado, no te lo puedes quedar
    2. guardar / tener
    3. entretener / retener
    4. quedarse / permanecer
    keep quiet! ¡cállate!
    5. mantener
    6. seguir / continuar
    7. conservarse / durar
    don't stop, keep talking no pares, sigue hablando
    tr[kiːp]
    1 (board) sustento, mantenimiento
    2 (of castle) torreón nombre masculino, torre nombre femenino del homenaje
    transitive verb (pt & pp kept tr[kept])
    2 (not give back) quedarse con
    3 (have) tener; (carry) llevar
    4 (look after, save) guardar
    ■ can you keep me a loaf of bread for Friday? ¿me guarda una barra de pan para el viernes?
    5 (put away, store) guardar
    ■ where do you keep the glasses? ¿dónde guardas los vasos?
    6 (reserve) reservar
    7 (detain) retener, hacer esperar; (hold up) entretener
    ■ what kept you? ¿cómo es que llegas tan tarde?
    8 (shop, hotel etc) tener, llevar
    9 (have in stock) tener, vender
    ■ I'm afraid we don't keep cigars lo siento, pero no vendemos puros
    10 (support) mantener
    11 (animals) tener
    ■ our eggs are really fresh, we keep our own hens nuestros huevos son fresquísimos, tenemos gallinas
    12 (promise) cumplir
    13 (secret) guardar
    ■ can you keep a secret? ¿sabes guardar un secreto?
    14 (appointment) acudir a, no faltar a
    ■ please 'phone if you are unable to keep your appointment por favor, llame si no puede acudir a la visita
    15 (order) mantener
    16 (tradition) observar
    17 (with adj, verb, etc) mantener
    1 (do repeatedly) no dejar de; (do continuously) seguir, continuar
    ■ don't keep interrupting me! ¡deja de interrumpirme!
    2 (stay fresh) conservarse
    ■ I've got some news for you, but it'll keep till tomorrow tengo algo que decirte, pero puede esperar hasta mañana
    3 (continue in direction) continuar, seguir
    ■ keep left/right circula por la izquierda/derecha
    4 (with adj, verb etc) quedarse, permanecer
    ■ keep still! ¡estáte quieto!
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    for keeps para siempre
    how are you keeping? ¿cómo estás?
    keep it up! ¡ánimo!
    keep the change quédese con la vuelta
    to keep going seguir (adelante)
    to keep one's head no perder la cabeza
    to keep quiet callarse, no hacer ruido
    to keep somebody company hacerle compañía a alguien
    to keep somebody from doing something impedir que alguien haga algo
    to keep something from somebody ocultar algo a alguien
    to keep something clean conservar algo limpio,-a
    to keep something to oneself no decir algo, guardar algo para sí
    you can't keep a good man down los buenos siempre salen adelante
    keep ['ki:p] v, kept ['kpt] ; keeping vt
    1) : cumplir (la palabra a uno), acudir a (una cita)
    2) observe: observar (una fiesta)
    3) guard: guardar, cuidar
    4) continue: mantener
    to keep silence: mantener silencio
    5) support: mantener (una familia)
    6) raise: criar (animales)
    7) : llevar, escribir (un diario, etc.)
    8) retain: guardar, conservar, quedarse con
    9) store: guardar
    10) detain: hacer quedar, detener
    11) preserve: guardar
    to keep a secret: guardar un secreto
    keep vi
    1) : conservarse (dícese de los alimentos)
    2) continue: seguir, no dejar
    he keeps on pestering us: no deja de molestarnos
    3)
    to keep from : abstenerse de
    I couldn't keep from laughing: no podía contener la risa
    keep n
    1) tower: torreón m (de un castillo), torre f del homenaje
    2) sustenance: manutención f, sustento m
    3)
    for keeps : para siempre
    n.
    • torre del homenaje (Arquitectura) s.f.
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: kept) = conservar v.
    • cuidar v.
    • custodiar v.
    • detener v.
    (§pres: -tengo, -tienes...-tenemos) pret: -tuv-
    fut/c: -tendr-•)
    • guardar v.
    • guarecer v.
    • mantener v.
    (§pres: -tengo, -tienes...-tenemos) pret: -tuv-
    fut/c: -tendr-•)
    • permanecer v.
    • preservar v.
    • sostener v.
    (§pres: -tengo, -tienes...-tenemos) pret: -tuv-
    fut/c: -tendr-•)
    kiːp
    I
    1) ( living) sustento m, manutención f

    for keeps: if they win the cup again, it's theirs for keeps — si vuelven a ganar la copa, se la quedan para siempre

    2) (in castle, fortress) torre f del homenaje

    II
    1.
    (past & past p kept) transitive verb
    1)
    a) ( not throw away) \<\<receipt/ticket\>\> guardar, conservar; ( not give back) quedarse con; ( not lose) conservar

    you can keep your lousy job! — (colloq) se puede guardar su porquería de trabajo!

    b) (look after, reserve)
    2) ( store) guardar

    where do you keep the coffee? — ¿dónde guardas or tienes el café?

    3) ( reserve for future use) guardar, dejar
    4)
    a) ( raise) \<\<pigs/bees\>\> criar*
    b) (manage, run) \<\<stall/guesthouse\>\> tener*
    5)
    a) ( support) mantener*
    b) ( maintain)

    she keeps a diary — escribe or lleva un diario

    I've kept a note o record of everything — he tomado nota de todo, lo tengo todo anotado

    6)
    a) (cause to remain, continue) mantener*

    to keep somebody/something + -ing: to keep somebody guessing tener* a algn en ascuas; he kept the engine running — mantuvo el motor en marcha

    b) ( detain)

    what kept you? — ¿por qué tardaste?, ¿qué te retuvo?

    they kept her in hospital — la dejaron ingresada or (CS, Méx tb) internada

    7) (adhere to, fulfil) \<\<promise/vow\>\> cumplir
    8) (observe, celebrate) celebrar; ( Relig) guardar

    2.
    keep vi
    1) ( remain) mantenerse*

    to keep fit — mantenerse* en forma

    to keep awake — mantenerse* despierto, no dormirse*

    can't you keep quiet? — ¿no te puedes estar callado?

    keep still! — estáte quieto! or quédate quieto!

    2)
    a) ( continue) seguir*

    keep left/right — siga por la izquierda/derecha

    to keep -ing — seguir* + ger

    he keeps interfering — está continuamente entrometiéndose, no deja de entrometerse

    I keep forgetting to bring it — nunca me acuerdo or siempre me olvido de traerlo

    3)
    a) \<\<food\>\> conservarse (fresco)
    b) \<\<news/matter\>\> esperar

    I have something to tell you - will it keep till later? — tengo algo que decirte - ¿puede esperar a más tarde?

    how are you keeping? — ¿qué tal estás? (fam)

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    [kiːp] (vb: pt, pp kept)
    1. TRANSITIVE VERB
    When keep is part of a set combination, eg to keep an appointment. to keep a promise, to keep one's seat, look up the noun.
    1) (=retain) [+ change, copy] quedarse con; [+ receipt] guardar; [+ business, customer, colour] conservar

    is this jacket worth keeping? — ¿merece la pena guardar esta chaqueta?

    he is to keep his job in spite of the incident — va a mantener or conservar el trabajo a pesar del incidente

    this material will keep its colour/softness — este material conservará su color/suavidad

    • to keep sth for o.s. — quedarse con algo

    2) (=save, put aside) guardar, reservar

    I'm keeping this wine in case we have visitors — voy a guardar or reservar este vino por si tenemos visitas

    • I was keeping it for you — lo guardaba para ti

    3) (=have ready)
    4) (=store, put) (gen) guardar; (in museum) conservar

    where do you keep the sugar? — ¿dónde guardas el azúcar?

    5) (=house)
    6) (=detain) tener

    he was kept in hospital over night — lo tuvieron una noche en el hospital, le hicieron pasar la noche en el hospital

    7) (=delay) entretener

    • I mustn't keep you — no quiero entretenerte

    what kept you? — ¿por qué te has retrasado?

    8) (=have) [+ shop, hotel, house, servant] tener; [+ pigs, bees, chickens] criar
    9) (=stock) tener
    10) (=support) [+ family, mistress] mantener

    to keep o.s. — mantenerse

    • the extra money keeps me in beer and cigarettes — el dinero extra me da para (comprar) cerveza y cigarrillos

    11) (=fulfil, observe) [+ promise, agreement, obligation] cumplir; [+ law, rule] observar; [+ appointment] acudir a, ir a; [+ feast day] observar
    12) (=not divulge)

    • to keep sth from sb — ocultar algo a algn

    • keep it to yourself * — no se lo digas a nadie

    but he kept the news to himself — pero se guardó la noticia, pero no comunicó la noticia a nadie

    13) (=maintain)
    a) [+ accounts] llevar; [+ diary] escribir
    b) with adjective mantener; (less formal) tener

    • to keep sth clean — conservar or mantener algo limpio; (less formal) tener algo limpio

    to keep o.s. clean — no ensuciarse, mantenerse limpio

    • keep the sauce hot — (in recipe book) mantener la salsa caliente

    • to keep inflation as low as possible — mantener la inflación tan baja como sea posible

    • to keep sth safe — guardar algo bien, guardar algo en un lugar seguro

    • try to keep your head still — intenta no mover la cabeza

    • to keep sth warm — mantener algo caliente

    • the garden is well kept — el jardín está muy bien cuidado

    fixed 1., 3), happy 1., 3), post I, 2., 4)
    c) + -ing

    keep him talking while I... — entretenlo hablando mientras yo...

    go 1., 24)
    14) (=hold)

    • to keep sb at it — obligar a algn a seguir trabajando

    • I'll keep you to your promise — haré que cumplas tu promesa

    counsel 1., 1)
    15) (=prevent)

    • to keep sb from doing sth — impedir que algn haga algo

    what can we do to keep it from happening again — ¿qué podemos hacer para evitar que se repita?

    to keep o.s. from doing sth — contener las ganas de hacer algo, aguantarse de hacer algo *

    16) (=guard, protect) † guardar

    God keep you! — ¡Dios te guarde!

    17)

    to keep o.s. to o.s. — guardar las distancias

    2. INTRANSITIVE VERB
    1) (=remain)

    • try to keep calm — intenta mantener la calma

    • to keep fit — mantenerse en forma

    • it will keep fresh for weeks — se conservará fresco durante semanas

    • to keep healthy — mantenerse sano

    • keep very quiet — no hagas nada de ruido

    • you must keep still — tienes que estarte or quedarte muy quieto

    • to keep together — no separarse

    • he was jumping up and down to keep warm — estaba dando saltos para mantener el calor

    b) with preposition/adverb
    2)

    to keep doing sth —

    a) (=continue) seguir haciendo algo

    keep smiling! * — ¡no te desanimes!

    keep going! — ¡no pares!

    b) (=do repeatedly) no hacer más que hacer algo
    3) (in directions) (=continue) seguir

    keep due north until you come to... — siga en dirección norte hasta que llegue a...

    4) (=not go off) [food] conservarse fresco, conservarse bien
    5) * (=wait) esperar

    how are you keeping? — ¿qué tal (estás)? (Sp) *, ¿como or qué tal te va? *, ¿cómo sigues? (LAm) *, ¿qué hubo? (Mex, Chile) *

    she's keeping better — está mejor, se encuentra mejor

    7) (=avoid)

    • to keep from doing sth — evitar hacer algo; (=abstain from) abstenerse de hacer algo

    3. NOUN
    1) (=livelihood, food)

    I got £30 a week and my keep — me daban 30 libras a la semana y comida y cama

    I pay £50 a week for my keep — la pensión me cuesta 50 libras a la semana

    to earn one's keep — ganarse el sustento; (fig) justificar el gasto

    2) (Archit) torreón m, torre f del homenaje
    3) (=permanently)
    * * *
    [kiːp]
    I
    1) ( living) sustento m, manutención f

    for keeps: if they win the cup again, it's theirs for keeps — si vuelven a ganar la copa, se la quedan para siempre

    2) (in castle, fortress) torre f del homenaje

    II
    1.
    (past & past p kept) transitive verb
    1)
    a) ( not throw away) \<\<receipt/ticket\>\> guardar, conservar; ( not give back) quedarse con; ( not lose) conservar

    you can keep your lousy job! — (colloq) se puede guardar su porquería de trabajo!

    b) (look after, reserve)
    2) ( store) guardar

    where do you keep the coffee? — ¿dónde guardas or tienes el café?

    3) ( reserve for future use) guardar, dejar
    4)
    a) ( raise) \<\<pigs/bees\>\> criar*
    b) (manage, run) \<\<stall/guesthouse\>\> tener*
    5)
    a) ( support) mantener*
    b) ( maintain)

    she keeps a diary — escribe or lleva un diario

    I've kept a note o record of everything — he tomado nota de todo, lo tengo todo anotado

    6)
    a) (cause to remain, continue) mantener*

    to keep somebody/something + -ing: to keep somebody guessing tener* a algn en ascuas; he kept the engine running — mantuvo el motor en marcha

    b) ( detain)

    what kept you? — ¿por qué tardaste?, ¿qué te retuvo?

    they kept her in hospital — la dejaron ingresada or (CS, Méx tb) internada

    7) (adhere to, fulfil) \<\<promise/vow\>\> cumplir
    8) (observe, celebrate) celebrar; ( Relig) guardar

    2.
    keep vi
    1) ( remain) mantenerse*

    to keep fit — mantenerse* en forma

    to keep awake — mantenerse* despierto, no dormirse*

    can't you keep quiet? — ¿no te puedes estar callado?

    keep still! — estáte quieto! or quédate quieto!

    2)
    a) ( continue) seguir*

    keep left/right — siga por la izquierda/derecha

    to keep -ing — seguir* + ger

    he keeps interfering — está continuamente entrometiéndose, no deja de entrometerse

    I keep forgetting to bring it — nunca me acuerdo or siempre me olvido de traerlo

    3)
    a) \<\<food\>\> conservarse (fresco)
    b) \<\<news/matter\>\> esperar

    I have something to tell you - will it keep till later? — tengo algo que decirte - ¿puede esperar a más tarde?

    how are you keeping? — ¿qué tal estás? (fam)

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > keep

  • 6 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 7 keep

    A n
    1 ( maintenance) pension f ; to pay for one's keep payer une pension ; to work for one's keep travailler pour payer sa pension ; to earn one's keep [person] gagner de quoi vivre ; [factory, branch] fig être viable ;
    2 Archit donjon m.
    B vtr ( prét, pp kept)
    1 ( cause to remain) to keep sb in hospital/indoors [person] garder qn à l'hôpital/à l'intérieur ; [illness] retenir qn à l'hôpital/à l'intérieur ; to keep sth/sb clean garder qch/qn propre ; to keep sth warm/cool garder qch au chaud/au frais ; to keep sb warm/cool protéger qn du froid/de la chaleur ; to be kept clean/warm/locked rester propre/au chaud/fermé (à clé) ; to keep sb talking/waiting retenir/faire attendre qn ; I won't keep you to your promise tu n'es pas obligé de tenir ta promesse ; to keep an engine/machine running laisser un moteur/une machine en marche ; bronchitis kept him in bed une bronchite l'a obligé à garder le lit ;
    2 ( detain) retenir ; there's nothing to keep me here (plus) rien ne me retient ici ; don't let me keep you! je ne veux pas vous retenir! ; what kept you? qu'est-ce qui t'a retenu? ; I won't keep you a minute je n'en ai pas pour longtemps ; the police are keeping him for questioning la police le garde à vue pour l'interroger ;
    3 ( retain) garder, conserver [book, letter, money, receipt] ; garder [job] ; garder [seat, place] (for pour) ; garder, mettre [qch] de côté [ticket, bread] (for pour) ; we keep these glasses for special occasions nous gardons ces verres pour les grandes occasions ; this pullover has kept its colour/shape ce pull-over a gardé sa couleur/forme ;
    4 ( have and look after) tenir [shop, restaurant] ; avoir [dog, cat] ; élever [sheep, chickens] ;
    5 ( sustain) to keep sth going entretenir qch [conversation, fire, tradition] ; I'll make you a sandwich to keep you going je te ferai un sandwich pour que tu tiennes le coup ; it was only his work that kept him going sans son travail il n'aurait pas tenu le coup ; have you got enough work to keep you going? avez-vous assez de travail pour vous occuper? ;
    6 ( store) mettre, ranger ; I keep my money in a safe je mets mon argent dans un coffre-fort ; where do you keep your cups? où rangez-vous vos tasses? ; I keep a spare key in the cupboard j'ai un double de la clé dans le placard ;
    7 ( have in stock) [shop, shopkeeper] vendre, avoir [brand, product] ;
    8 ( support financially) faire vivre, entretenir [husband, wife, family] ; entretenir [lover] ; avoir [servant] ; fig it'll keep us in beer ça nous permettra de tenir le coup ;
    9 ( maintain by writing in) tenir [accounts, list, diary, record] ;
    10 ( conceal) to keep sth from sb taire or cacher qch à qn ;
    11 ( prevent) to keep sb from doing empêcher qn de faire ;
    12 ( observe) tenir [promise] ; garder [secret] ; se rendre à, venir à [appointment, date] ; célébrer [occasion, festival] ; observer [commandments, sabbath, Lent] ;
    13 Mus to keep time ou the beat battre la mesure ;
    14 †( protect) [God] garder†, protéger [person] (from de) ; [person] défendre [gate, bridge] ;
    15 ( maintain) entretenir [car, house] ; well/badly kept bien/mal entretenu.
    C vi ( prét, pp kept)
    1 to keep doing ( continue) continuer à or de faire ; ( do repeatedly) ne pas arrêter de faire ; to keep going lit continuer ; I don't know how she keeps going! je ne sais pas comment elle tient le coup! ; keep at it! persévérez! ; keep west/straight on continuez vers l'ouest/tout droit ; ‘keep left/right’ ‘tenez votre gauche/droite’ ;
    2 ( remain) to keep indoors rester à l'intérieur ; to keep out of the rain se protéger de la pluie ; to keep warm/cool se protéger du froid/de la chaleur ; to keep calm rester calme ; to keep silent ou quiet garder le silence ;
    3 ( stay in good condition) [food] se conserver, se garder ;
    4 ( wait) [news, business, work] attendre ; I've got something to tell you, it won't keep j'ai quelque chose à te dire, ça ne peut pas attendre ;
    5 ( in health) ‘how are you keeping?’ ‘comment allez-vous?’ ; she's keeping well elle va bien.
    D v refl to keep oneself subvenir à ses propres besoins ; to keep oneself warm/cool se protéger du froid/de la chaleur ; to keep oneself healthy rester en forme ; to keep oneself to oneself ne pas être sociable ; to keep oneself from doing s'empêcher de faire.
    E for keeps adv phr pour de bon, pour toujours.
    to keep in with sb rester en bons termes avec qn ; to try to keep up with the Joneses rivaliser avec ses voisins ; you can't keep a good man down la compétence finit par être reconnue ; ⇒ clear.
    ▶ keep after [sb]
    1 ( pursue) pourchasser ;
    2 ( chivvy) harceler.
    ■ keep at:
    ▶ keep at [sb] US harceler, casser les pieds ○ à [person] ;
    ▶ keep at it persévérer.
    ■ keep away:
    ▶ keep away ne pas s'approcher (from de) ;
    ▶ keep [sth/sb] away empêcher [qch/qn] de s'approcher, tenir [qch/qn] à distance ; to keep sb away from ( prevent from getting close to) empêcher qn de s'approcher de, tenir qn à distance de [person, fire] ; ( cause to be absent from) tenir qn éloigné de [family] ; to keep sb away from his work empêcher qn de travailler.
    ■ keep back:
    ▶ keep back rester en arrière, ne pas s'approcher ; keep back! ne vous approchez pas!, n'avancez pas! ; to keep back from sth ne pas s'approcher de qch ;
    ▶ keep [sth/sb] back, keep back [sth/sb]
    1 ( prevent from advancing) empêcher [qn] de s'approcher [person, crowd] (from de) ; faire redoubler [pupil, student] ; [barrier, dam] retenir [water] ; he kept his hair back with an elastic band il avait les cheveux retenus en arrière par un élastique ;
    2 ( retain) garder [money] ; conserver [food, objects] ;
    3 ( conceal) cacher [information, fact, detail] (from à) ;
    4 ( prevent from doing) retenir [person].
    ■ keep down:
    ▶ keep down rester allongé ; keep down! ne bougez pas! ;
    ▶ keep [sth] down, keep down [sth]
    1 ( cause to remain at a low level) limiter [number, speed, costs, expenditure, inflation] ; limiter l'augmentation de [prices, costs, wages, unemployment] ; maîtriser, juguler [inflation] ; to keep one's weight down surveiller son poids ; keep your voice down! baisse la voix! ; keep the noise down! faites moins de bruit! ;
    2 ( retain in stomach) garder [food] ;
    ▶ keep [sb] down
    1 GB Sch ( cause to repeat a year) faire redoubler [pupil] ;
    2 ( repress) opprimer [people] ; réprimer [revolt].
    ■ keep in:
    ▶ keep in [car, cyclist, driver etc] GB tenir sa gauche ; ( elsewhere) tenir sa droite ;
    ▶ keep [sb/sth] in
    1 ( cause to remain inside) empêcher [qn/qch] de sortir [person, animal] ; garder [dentures, contact lenses] ; they're keeping her in ( in hospital) ils la gardent ;
    2 ( restrain) rentrer [stomach, elbows] ; réprimer [emotions, anger, impatience] ;
    3 Sch ( cause to stay at school) garder [qn] en retenue, coller ○ [pupil].
    ■ keep off:
    1 ( stay at a distance) keep off! n'avancez pas! ;
    2 ( not start) I hope the rain/storm keeps off j'espère qu'il ne pleuvra pas/que l'orage n'éclatera pas ;
    ▶ keep off [sth]
    1 ( stay away from) ne pas marcher sur ; ‘Please keep off the grass’ ‘Défense de marcher sur la pelouse’ ;
    2 ( refrain from) s'abstenir de consommer, éviter [fatty food, alcohol] ; s'abstenir de parler de [subject] ; to keep off cigarettes ne pas fumer ;
    ▶ keep [sth] off, keep off [sth]
    1 ( prevent from touching) éloigner [animals, insects] ; this plastic sheet will keep the rain/ dust off cette housse en plastique protège contre la pluie/la poussière ;
    2 ( continue not to wear) ne pas remettre [shoes, hat] ;
    ▶ keep sb off [sth] ( cause to refrain from) éviter de donner [qch] à qn [food, alcohol] ; empêcher qn de parler de [subject].
    ■ keep on:
    ▶ keep on doing ( not stop) continuer à faire ; ( do repeatedly) ne pas cesser de faire ; to keep on with sth poursuivre qch ; to keep on about sth ne pas arrêter de parler de qch ; to keep on at sb harceler qn, casser les pieds ○ à qn (to do pour qu'il fasse) ;
    ▶ keep [sb/sth] on garder [employee, flat, hat, shoes].
    ■ keep out:
    ▶ keep out of [sth]
    1 ( not enter) ne pas entrer dans [area, house] ; ‘keep out!’ ( on notice) ‘défense d'entrer’ ;
    2 ( avoid being exposed to) rester à l'abri de [sun, rain, danger] ;
    3 ( avoid getting involved in) ne pas se mêler de [argument] ; keep out of this! ne t'en mêle pas! ; to keep out of sb's way, to keep out of the way of sb ( not hinder) ne pas encombrer qn ; ( avoid seeing) éviter qn ; try to keep out of trouble! essaie de bien te conduire! ;
    ▶ keep [sb/sth] out, keep out [sb/sth] ( not allow to enter) ne pas laisser entrer [person, animal] ; to keep the rain out empêcher la pluie d'entrer ; I wore an extra pullover to keep out the cold j'ai mis un pull-over de plus pour me protéger du froid ; to keep sb out of sth ( not allow to get involved in) ne pas vouloir mêler qn à qch ; ( not allow to enter) ne pas laisser entrer qn dans qch ; to keep sb out of trouble empêcher qn de faire des bêtises ; to keep sb/sth out of sb's way faire en sorte que qn/qch ne soit pas sur le chemin de qn.
    ■ keep to:
    ▶ keep to [sth] ( stick to) lit ne pas s'écarter de, rester sur [road, path] ; fig respecter, s'en tenir à [timetable, facts, plan] ; respecter [law, rules] ; ‘keep to the left/right’ ‘tenez votre gauche/droite’ ; to keep to one's bed garder le lit ; to keep to one's home rester chez soi ;
    ▶ keep sb to [sth] ( cause to remain on) empêcher qn de s'écarter de [route] ; forcer qn à tenir [promise] ;
    ▶ keep [sth] to ( restrict) limiter [qch] à [weight, number] ; to keep sth to oneself garder qch pour soi [secret, information, opinion] ; he can't keep his hands to himself ○ il a les mains baladeuses ○ ; keep your hands to yourself! bas les pattes ○ !
    ▶ keep [sb] under
    1 ( dominate) assujettir, soumettre [race, slaves, inhabitants] ;
    2 ( cause to remain unconscious) maintenir [qn] inconscient.
    ■ keep up:
    ▶ keep up
    1 ( progress at same speed) ( all contexts) [car, runner, person] suivre ; [business rivals, competitors] rester à la hauteur ;
    2 ( continue) [price] se maintenir ; if the rain keeps up I'm not going s'il continue à pleuvoir je n'y vais pas ;
    ▶ keep [sth] up, keep up [sth]
    1 ( cause to remain in position) tenir [trousers] ; ‘keep your hands up!’ ( by gunman) ‘gardez les mains en l'air!’ ;
    2 ( continue) continuer [attack, bombardment, studies] ; entretenir [correspondence, friendship] ; maintenir [membership, tradition] ; garder [pace] ; to keep up the pressure continuer à faire pression (for pour obtenir ; on sur) ; he kept up his German by going to evening classes il a entretenu son allemand en suivant des cours du soir ; to keep up one's strength/spirits garder ses forces/le moral ; keep it up!, keep up the good work! continuez comme ça! ;
    ▶ keep [sb] up ( maintain awake) faire veiller [child, person] ; [noise, illness] empêcher [qn] de dormir ; I hope I'm not keeping you up ( politely) j'espère que je ne vous oblige pas à veiller ; ( ironically) j'espère que je ne vous empêche pas de dormir.
    ▶ keep up with [sb/sth]
    1 ( progress at same speed as) ( physically) aller aussi vite que [person, group] ; ( mentally) suivre [class, work, lecture] ; [company, country] se maintenir à la hauteur de [competitors] ; Econ [wages, pensions] suivre [prices, inflation, cost of living] ; faire face à [demand] ;
    2 ( be informed about) suivre [fashion, developments, news] ;
    3 ( remain in contact with) garder le contact avec [schoolfriends, colleagues]. ⇒ end, pecker.

    Big English-French dictionary > keep

  • 8 Empire, Portuguese overseas

    (1415-1975)
       Portugal was the first Western European state to establish an early modern overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean and perhaps the last colonial power to decolonize. A vast subject of complexity that is full of myth as well as debatable theories, the history of the Portuguese overseas empire involves the story of more than one empire, the question of imperial motives, the nature of Portuguese rule, and the results and consequences of empire, including the impact on subject peoples as well as on the mother country and its society, Here, only the briefest account of a few such issues can be attempted.
       There were various empires or phases of empire after the capture of the Moroccan city of Ceuta in 1415. There were at least three Portuguese empires in history: the First empire (1415-1580), the Second empire (1580-1640 and 1640-1822), and the Third empire (1822-1975).
       With regard to the second empire, the so-called Phillipine period (1580-1640), when Portugal's empire was under Spanish domination, could almost be counted as a separate era. During that period, Portugal lost important parts of its Asian holdings to England and also sections of its colonies of Brazil, Angola, and West Africa to Holland's conquests. These various empires could be characterized by the geography of where Lisbon invested its greatest efforts and resources to develop territories and ward off enemies.
       The first empire (1415-1580) had two phases. First came the African coastal phase (1415-97), when the Portuguese sought a foothold in various Moroccan cities but then explored the African coast from Morocco to past the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. While colonization and sugar farming were pursued in the Atlantic islands, as well as in the islands in the Gulf of Guinea like São Tomé and Príncipe, for the most part the Portuguese strategy was to avoid commitments to defending or peopling lands on the African continent. Rather, Lisbon sought a seaborne trade empire, in which the Portuguese could profit from exploiting trade and resources (such as gold) along the coasts and continue exploring southward to seek a sea route to Portuguese India. The second phase of the first empire (1498-1580) began with the discovery of the sea route to Asia, thanks to Vasco da Gama's first voyage in 1497-99, and the capture of strong points, ports, and trading posts in order to enforce a trade monopoly between Asia and Europe. This Asian phase produced the greatest revenues of empire Portugal had garnered, yet ended when Spain conquered Portugal and commanded her empire as of 1580.
       Portugal's second overseas empire began with Spanish domination and ran to 1822, when Brazil won her independence from Portugal. This phase was characterized largely by Brazilian dominance of imperial commitment, wealth in minerals and other raw materials from Brazil, and the loss of a significant portion of her African and Asian coastal empire to Holland and Great Britain. A sketch of Portugal's imperial losses either to native rebellions or to imperial rivals like Britain and Holland follows:
       • Morocco (North Africa) (sample only)
       Arzila—Taken in 1471; evacuated in 1550s; lost to Spain in 1580, which returned city to a sultan.
       Ceuta—Taken in 1415; lost to Spain in 1640 (loss confirmed in 1668 treaty with Spain).
       • Tangiers—Taken in 15th century; handed over to England in 1661 as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry to King Charles II.
       • West Africa
       • Fort/Castle of São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (in what is now Ghana)—Taken in 1480s; lost to Holland in 1630s.
       • Middle East
       Socotra-isle—Conquered in 1507; fort abandoned in 1511; used as water resupply stop for India fleet.
       Muscat—Conquered in 1501; lost to Persians in 1650.
       Ormuz—Taken, 1505-15 under Albuquerque; lost to England, which gave it to Persia in the 17th century.
       Aden (entry to Red Sea) — Unsuccessfully attacked by Portugal (1513-30); taken by Turks in 1538.
       • India
       • Ceylon (Sri Lanka)—Taken by 1516; lost to Dutch after 1600.
       • Bombay—Taken in 16th century; given to England in 1661 treaty as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry for Charles II.
       • East Indies
       • Moluccas—Taken by 1520; possession confirmed in 1529 Saragossa treaty with Spain; lost to Dutch after 1600; only East Timor remaining.
       After the restoration of Portuguese independence from Spain in 1640, Portugal proceeded to revive and strengthen the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, with international aid to fight off further Spanish threats to Portugal and drive the Dutch invaders out of Brazil and Angola. While Portugal lost its foothold in West Africa at Mina to the Dutch, dominion in Angola was consolidated. The most vital part of the imperial economy was a triangular trade: slaves from West Africa and from the coasts of Congo and Angola were shipped to plantations in Brazil; raw materials (sugar, tobacco, gold, diamonds, dyes) were sent to Lisbon; Lisbon shipped Brazil colonists and hardware. Part of Portugal's War of Restoration against Spain (1640-68) and its reclaiming of Brazil and Angola from Dutch intrusions was financed by the New Christians (Jews converted to Christianity after the 1496 Manueline order of expulsion of Jews) who lived in Portugal, Holland and other low countries, France, and Brazil. If the first empire was mainly an African coastal and Asian empire, the second empire was primarily a Brazilian empire.
       Portugal's third overseas empire began upon the traumatic independence of Brazil, the keystone of the Lusitanian enterprise, in 1822. The loss of Brazil greatly weakened Portugal both as a European power and as an imperial state, for the scattered remainder of largely coastal, poor, and uncolonized territories that stretched from the bulge of West Africa to East Timor in the East Indies and Macau in south China were more of a financial liability than an asset. Only two small territories balanced their budgets occasionally or made profits: the cocoa islands of São Tomé and Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea and tiny Macau, which lost much of its advantage as an entrepot between the West and the East when the British annexed neighboring Hong Kong in 1842. The others were largely burdens on the treasury. The African colonies were strapped by a chronic economic problem: at a time when the slave trade and then slavery were being abolished under pressures from Britain and other Western powers, the economies of Guinea- Bissau, São Tomé/Príncipe, Angola, and Mozambique were totally dependent on revenues from the slave trade and slavery. During the course of the 19th century, Lisbon began a program to reform colonial administration in a newly rejuvenated African empire, where most of the imperial efforts were expended, by means of replacing the slave trade and slavery, with legitimate economic activities.
       Portugal participated in its own early version of the "Scramble" for Africa's interior during 1850-69, but discovered that the costs of imperial expansion were too high to allow effective occupation of the hinterlands. After 1875, Portugal participated in the international "Scramble for Africa" and consolidated its holdings in west and southern Africa, despite the failure of the contra-costa (to the opposite coast) plan, which sought to link up the interiors of Angola and Mozambique with a corridor in central Africa. Portugal's expansion into what is now Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (eastern section) in 1885-90 was thwarted by its oldest ally, Britain, under pressure from interest groups in South Africa, Scotland, and England. All things considered, Portugal's colonizing resources and energies were overwhelmed by the African empire it possessed after the frontier-marking treaties of 1891-1906. Lisbon could barely administer the massive area of five African colonies, whose total area comprised about 8 percent of the area of the colossal continent. The African territories alone were many times the size of tiny Portugal and, as of 1914, Portugal was the third colonial power in terms of size of area possessed in the world.
       The politics of Portugal's empire were deceptive. Lisbon remained obsessed with the fear that rival colonial powers, especially Germany and Britain, would undermine and then dismantle her African empire. This fear endured well into World War II. In developing and keeping her potentially rich African territories (especially mineral-rich Angola and strategically located Mozambique), however, the race against time was with herself and her subject peoples. Two major problems, both chronic, prevented Portugal from effective colonization (i.e., settling) and development of her African empire: the economic weakness and underdevelopment of the mother country and the fact that the bulk of Portuguese emigration after 1822 went to Brazil, Venezuela, the United States, and France, not to the colonies. These factors made it difficult to consolidate imperial control until it was too late; that is, until local African nationalist movements had organized and taken the field in insurgency wars that began in three of the colonies during the years 1961-64.
       Portugal's belated effort to revitalize control and to develop, in the truest sense of the word, Angola and Mozambique after 1961 had to be set against contemporary events in Europe, Africa, and Asia. While Portugal held on to a backward empire, other European countries like Britain, France, and Belgium were rapidly decolonizing their empires. Portugal's failure or unwillingness to divert the large streams of emigrants to her empire after 1850 remained a constant factor in this question. Prophetic were the words of the 19th-century economist Joaquim Oliveira Martins, who wrote in 1880 that Brazil was a better colony for Portugal than Africa and that the best colony of all would have been Portugal itself. As of the day of the Revolution of 25 April 1974, which sparked the final process of decolonization of the remainder of Portugal's third overseas empire, the results of the colonization program could be seen to be modest compared to the numbers of Portuguese emigrants outside the empire. Moreover, within a year, of some 600,000 Portuguese residing permanently in Angola and Mozambique, all but a few thousand had fled to South Africa or returned to Portugal.
       In 1974 and 1975, most of the Portuguese empire was decolonized or, in the case of East Timor, invaded and annexed by a foreign power before it could consolidate its independence. Only historic Macau, scheduled for transfer to the People's Republic of China in 1999, remained nominally under Portuguese control as a kind of footnote to imperial history. If Portugal now lacked a conventional overseas empire and was occupied with the challenges of integration in the European Union (EU), Lisbon retained another sort of informal dependency that was a new kind of empire: the empire of her scattered overseas Portuguese communities from North America to South America. Their numbers were at least six times greater than that of the last settlers of the third empire.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Empire, Portuguese overseas

  • 9 far

    1. adverb,
    1) (in space) weit

    far [away] from — weit entfernt von

    far above/below — hoch über/tief unter (+ Dat.); adverb hoch oben/tief unten

    fly as far as Munich — bis [nach] München fliegen

    from far and near or wide — von fern und nah

    2) (in time) weit

    far into the night — bis spät od. tief in die Nacht

    3) (by much) weit

    far longer/ better — weit[aus] länger/besser

    4) (fig.)

    as far as — (to whatever extent, to the extent of) so weit [wie]

    I haven't got as far as phoning her — ich bin noch nicht dazu gekommen, sie anzurufen

    not as far as I know — nicht, dass ich wüsste

    as far as I remember/know — soweit ich mich erinnere/weiß

    go so far as to do something — so weit gehen und etwas tun

    in so far as — insofern od. insoweit als

    so far — (until now) bisher

    so far so good — so weit, so gut

    far from easy/good — alles andere als leicht/gut

    far from it! — ganz im Gegenteil!

    carry or take something too far — etwas zu weit treiben

    2. adjective,
    farther, further; farthest, furthest
    1) (remote) weit entfernt; (remote in time) fern
    2) (more remote) weiter entfernt

    the far bank of the river/side of the road — das andere Flussufer/die andere Straßenseite

    * * *
    1. adverb
    1) (indicating distance, progress etc: How far is it from here to his house?) weit
    2) (at or to a long way away: She went far away/off.) weit
    3) (very much: She was a far better swimmer than her friend (was).) weit
    2. adjective
    1) (distant; a long way away: a far country.) fern
    2) (more distant (usually of two things): He lives on the far side of the lake.) entfernter
    •
    - academic.ru/26511/farther">farther
    - farthest
    - faraway
    - far-fetched
    - as far as
    - by far
    - far and away
    - far from
    - so far
    * * *
    <farther or further, farthest or furthest>
    [fɑ:ʳ, AM fɑ:r]
    I. adv
    1. (in place) weit
    it's too \far to walk es ist zu weit zu Fuß
    how much further is it? wie weit ist es denn noch?
    he can't walk that \far er kann nicht so weit laufen
    have you come very \far? kommen Sie von weit her?
    do you have \far to travel to work? haben Sie es weit zu Ihrer Arbeitsstelle?
    she doesn't live \far from here sie wohnt nicht weit von hier [entfernt]
    his name is fairly \far down the list sein Name steht ziemlich weit unten auf der Liste
    you can see how \far up the wall the water came during the flood man kann sehen, wie hoch das Wasser während der Flut an der Mauer stieg; ( liter)
    a traveller from some \far distant land ein Reisender aus einem fernen Land
    \far away in the distance in weiter Ferne
    \far from home fern der Heimat
    \far and wide weit und breit
    from \far and wide [or near] aus Nah und Fern
    2. (in time) weit
    some time \far in the past/future irgendwann in ferner Vergangenheit/Zukunft
    one day, perhaps \far in the future, you'll regret what you've done irgendwann einmal wirst du bereuen, was du getan hast
    your birthday's not \far away bis zu deinem Geburtstag ist es nicht mehr lang
    he's not \far off seventy er geht auf die siebzig zu
    we're not \far off finishing now es dauert nicht mehr lange, und wir sind fertig
    to work \far into the night bis spät in die Nacht hinein arbeiten
    to plan further ahead weiter voraus planen
    as \far back as:
    as \far back as I can remember... so weit ich zurückdenken kann...
    we warned you about this as \far back as 1977 wir haben Sie bereits 1977 davor gewarnt
    it probably dates from as \far back as the end of the last century es geht wahrscheinlich sogar bis auf das Ende des letzten Jahrhunderts zurück
    3. (in progress) weit
    how \far have you got? — I'm on page 17 wie weit bist du? — ich bin jetzt auf Seite 17
    how \far have you got with your new play? wie weit bist du mit deinem neuen Stück gekommen?
    to not get very \far with [doing] sth mit etw dat nicht besonders weit kommen
    to not get very \far with sb bei jdm nicht viel erreichen
    she tried to talk him round, but she didn't get very \far with him sie versuchte ihn zu überreden, kam aber nicht sonderlich weit
    4. inv (much) weit, viel
    she was not sure how \far he was committed sie war sich nicht sicher, wie sehr er engagiert war
    this is a claim too \far diese Forderung geht zu weit
    \far better/nicer/warmer viel besser/netter/wärmer
    \far more difficult viel schwieriger
    \far too expensive viel zu teuer
    by \far bei Weitem, mit Abstand
    it would be better by \far to accept the offer es wäre sehr viel besser, das Angebot anzunehmen
    5.
    ▶ as \far as (in place) bis
    I can take you as \far as Bristol ich kann Sie bis Bristol mitnehmen
    as \far as the eye can see so weit das Auge reicht; (in degree)
    as \far as I can, I avoid using my car soweit es mir möglich ist, benutze ich mein Auto nicht
    I use public transport as \far as possible ich benutze so oft wie möglich öffentliche Verkehrsmittel
    as \far as I can see... so wie ich es beurteilen kann,...
    he isn't coming today as \far as I know soweit ich weiß, kommt er heute nicht
    as \far as I'm concerned... wenn es nach mir geht...
    as \far as Bob is concerned, he's one hell of a nice fellow Bob? der ist ein wirklich netter Kerl!
    he's a good mechanic, but that's as \far as it goes er ist ein guter Mechaniker, aber das ist auch alles
    ▶ \far and away mit Abstand, bei Weitem
    your entry was \far and away the best dein Auftritt war einsame Spitze fam
    ▶ sb would \far do sth BRIT
    I'd \far prefer to go with you ich würde viel lieber mit dir gehen
    I'd \far rather stay at home ich würde viel lieber zu Hause bleiben
    she'd \far sooner go on her own sie würde viel lieber allein gehen
    ▶ \far from sth:
    we're \far from happy with the situation wir sind alles andere als zufrieden mit der Situation
    \far from it! weit gefehlt
    Jim selfish? \far from it! Jim egoistisch? alles nur das nicht!
    ▶ \far be it from [or for] me... es liegt mir fern...
    \far be it from me to blame anyone, it was a total accident ich will unter keinen Umständen jemanden beschuldigen, es war ein Unfall
    ▶ to go too \far zu weit gehen
    ▶ to [not] go \far enough [nicht] weit genug gehen fig
    stop it now, the joke has gone \far enough hör jetzt auf damit, man kann den Spaß auch zu weit treiben
    ▶ to go so \far as to do sth:
    surely they wouldn't go so \far as to break in? sie würden doch sicher nicht so weit gehen und einen Einbruch wagen?
    ▶ sb will go \far jd wird es zu etwas bringen
    ▶ sth will go \far to sth etw wird entscheidend zu etw dat beitragen
    ▶ sth won't go very \far etw wird nicht lange vorhalten
    a hundred pounds won't go very \far if you're going abroad for two weeks mit hundert Pfund kommt man nicht weit, wenn man zwei Wochen lang im Ausland ist
    ▶ \far gone (in a bad state) beschädigt; (advanced in time) fortgeschritten
    ▶ so \far so good ( saying) so weit, so gut
    ▶ so [or thus] \far (until now) bisher
    so \far everything's been going according to plan so weit ist alles nach Plan gelaufen
    any problems? — not so \far Probleme? — bis jetzt nicht; (to a limited extent)
    I trust her only so \far ich traue ihr nicht so ganz
    vitamins can protect you only so \far Vitamine bieten nur bedingt Schutz
    ▶ to not trust sb as \far as one could throw him/her jdm nicht über den Weg trauen
    II. adj attr
    at the \far end of the room am anderen Ende des Raumes
    the \far bank of the river das gegenüberliegende Ufer des Flusses
    2. (extreme)
    the \far left/right [of a party] die extreme Linke/Rechte [einer Partei]
    a \far country ( liter) ein fernes Land liter
    in the \far distance in weiter Ferne
    4.
    ▶ to be a \far cry from sth/sb mit etw/jdm nicht zu vergleichen sein
    * * *
    [fAː(r)] comp further, farther, superl furthest, farthest
    1. adv

    I was or my thoughts were far away —

    2)

    (in time) as far back as I can remember — so weit ich (zurück)denken or mich erinnern kann

    3) (in degree, extent) weit

    far longer/better — weit länger/besser

    4)

    (in set phrases) as or so far as I'm concerned — was mich betrifft

    far and away the best, by far the best, the best by far — bei Weitem or mit Abstand der/die/das Beste

    far from liking him I find him quite unpleasant — ich mag ihn nicht, ich finde ihn (im Gegenteil) sogar ausgesprochen unsympathisch

    far from it! — ganz und gar nicht, (ganz) im Gegenteil

    far be it from me to... — es sei mir ferne, zu...

    so far this week I've seen him once/three times —

    so far so good — so weit, so gut

    these measures won't go very far toward(s) stemming rising costs — diese Maßnahmen werden nicht viel dazu beitragen, die steigenden Kosten einzudämmen

    I would go so far as to say... — ich würde so weit gehen zu sagen...

    that's going too far —

    that's carrying a joke too far — da hört der Spaß auf

    not far off (in space) — nicht weit; (in guess, aim) fast (getroffen)

    2. adj
    1) (= more distant of two) weiter entfernt, hintere(r, s)

    the far window/door — das Fenster/die Tür am anderen Ende des Zimmers

    the far wall — die Wand am anderen Ende

    when he reached the far bank —

    which of these cars is yours? – the far one — welches ist dein Auto? – das, das weiter weg ist

    which bed will you have? – the far one — welches Bett möchtest du? – das da drüben

    2) (= far-off) country, land weit entfernt

    it's a far cry from... (fig) — das ist etwas ganz anderes als...

    * * *
    far [fɑː(r)] komp. farther [ˈfɑː(r)ðə(r)], further [ˈfɜːðə; US ˈfɜrðər], sup farthest [ˈfɑː(r)ðıst], furthest [ˈfɜːðıst; US ˈfɜr-]
    A adj
    1. fern, (weit) entfernt, weit, entlegen
    2. (vom Sprecher aus) entfernter, abliegend:
    at the far end am anderen Ende;
    the far side die andere Seite
    3. weit vorgerückt, fortgeschritten ( beide:
    in in dat)
    B adv
    1. fern, weit:
    far away, far off weit weg oder entfernt;
    his thoughts were far away er war mit seinen Gedanken ganz woanders
    2. fig weit entfernt ( from von):
    far from rich alles andere als reich;
    far from completed noch lange oder längst nicht fertig;
    I am far from believing it ich bin weit davon entfernt, es zu glauben;
    far be it from me (to deny it) es liegt mir fern(, es zu leugnen), ich möchte (es) keineswegs (abstreiten);
    far from it! ganz und gar nicht!, keineswegs!
    3. weit(hin), fern(hin):
    far into weit oder hoch oder tief in (akk);
    far into the night bis spät oder tief in die Nacht (hinein);
    it went far to convince him das hat ihn beinahe überzeugt
    4. auch far and away, by far weit(aus), bei Weitem, um vieles, wesentlich (bes mit komp und sup):
    a) weitaus oder mit Abstand der (die, das) beste,
    b) bei Weitem am bestenBesondere Redewendungen: as far as
    a) so weit oder so viel (wie), insofern als,
    b) bis (nach oder zu oder an akk), nicht weiter als far and near fern und nah;
    far and wide weit und breit;
    far back weit zurück oder hinten;
    as far back as 1800 schon (im Jahre) 1800;
    from far von Weitem;
    a) weit gehen oder reichen,
    b) fig weit kommen, es weit bringen ten pounds don’t go far mit 10 Pfund kommt man nicht weit;
    as far as that goes was das (an)betrifft;
    it is a very good book as far as it goes es ist insgesamt ein sehr gutes Buch;
    she is quite nice as far as she goes sie ist so weit ganz nett;
    I’ll go so far as to say that … ich möchte oder würde sogar behaupten, dass…;
    go too far zu weit gehen;
    in so far (as) insofern, -weit (als);
    so far bis hierher, bisher, bis jetzt;
    so far so good so weit, so gut;
    a) weit draußen,
    b) weit hinaus,
    c) → far-out be far out weit daneben liegen (mit einer Vermutung etc);
    far up hoch oben; → between B, cry A 1
    * * *
    1. adverb,
    farther, further; farthest, furthest
    1) (in space) weit

    far [away] from — weit entfernt von

    far above/below — hoch über/tief unter (+ Dat.); adverb hoch oben/tief unten

    fly as far as Munich — bis [nach] München fliegen

    from far and near or wide — von fern und nah

    2) (in time) weit

    far into the night — bis spät od. tief in die Nacht

    3) (by much) weit

    far longer/ better — weit[aus] länger/besser

    4) (fig.)

    as far as — (to whatever extent, to the extent of) so weit [wie]

    I haven't got as far as phoning her — ich bin noch nicht dazu gekommen, sie anzurufen

    not as far as I know — nicht, dass ich wüsste

    as far as I remember/know — soweit ich mich erinnere/weiß

    in so far as — insofern od. insoweit als

    so far — (until now) bisher

    so far so good — so weit, so gut

    far from easy/good — alles andere als leicht/gut

    carry or take something too far — etwas zu weit treiben

    2. adjective,
    farther, further; farthest, furthest
    1) (remote) weit entfernt; (remote in time) fern
    2) (more remote) weiter entfernt

    the far bank of the river/side of the road — das andere Flussufer/die andere Straßenseite

    * * *
    adj.
    fern adj.
    weit adj.

    English-german dictionary > far

  • 10 step

    [step] 1. сущ.
    1)
    а) шаг

    to be but a few steps — быть рядом, в двух шагах

    2)
    а) поступь, походка
    •
    Syn:
    3) след ( ноги), отпечаток

    to follow smb.'s steps, to tread in the steps of smb. — идти по чьим-л. стопам

    Syn:
    4) шаг, поступок; действие

    critical / decisive / drasticstep — решительный шаг, поступок

    bold step — смелый шаг, поступок

    careful / prudent step — осторожный, осмотрительный шаг, поступок

    giant step — огромный шаг, рывок

    precautionary / preventive steps — профилактические меры, меры предосторожности

    rash / risky step — рискованный поступок

    to take a false step — совершить ошибку, неправильно поступить

    5)
    а) ступень, ступенька; подножка, приступка; порог; подъём
    б) ( steps) = pair of steps стремянка ( вид лестницы)
    7) мор. степс, гнездо ( мачты)
    8) тех. ход ( спирали)
    ••

    It is the first step that costs. посл. — Труден только первый шаг.

    2. гл.
    1)
    а) ступать, шагать, делать шаг

    And now tell me all about your horse, does he step well? (E. Bulwer-Lytton) — А теперь расскажи мне всё о своей лошади, у неё хороший ход?

    Step aside, please, the firemen can't get through. — Пожалуйста, отойдите, пожарные не могут пройти.

    The first man who stepped foot on the enemy's soil was doomed at once to die. — Первый же человек, который сделал бы шаг на территорию противника, был обречён на мгновенную смерть.

    If you step back, you could fall down the cliff. — Если ты сделаешь хоть шаг назад, ты можешь упасть со скалы.

    Stepping down from the stage, he took a member of the crowd by the hand and led him up the steps. — Спустившись с возвышения, он взял за руку какого-то человека из толпы и повёл его на трибуну.

    Won't you step in and have a cup of tea with us? — Может, зайдёшь и выпьешь с нами чашечку чая?

    Syn:
    б) делать па ( в танце), делать танцевальные шаги

    He stepped a minuet gravely and gracefully. — С серьёзностью и изяществом он делал па в менуэте.

    Syn:
    2) = step out измерять, мерять (расстояние) шагами
    3) идти, ходить; отправляться в путь
    Syn:
    4) мор. ставить, устанавливать ( мачту)
    Syn:
    fix, fit II
    5) наступить (на что-л.), нажать ногой

    I hate to be stepped on. — Я не переношу толкотни.

    6) разг. уходить, убегать

    I must be stepping. It's getting late. — Мне нужно бежать, уже поздно.

    Syn:
    7)
    Syn:
    8) сразу, одним махом достигать (чего-л.), получать (что-л.)

    You can "step" the laser from one frequency to another in this way, but cannot tune it continuously. — Вы можете сразу переключить лазер с одной частоты на другую, но невозможно настраивать его постепенно.

    9) ( step on)
    а) ранить (чьи-л. чувства)

    It's difficult to avoid stepping on her sensitive feelings. — Очень трудно не задеть её чувствительную натуру.

    I shall step on her very firmly if she interrupts me again. — Я очень сильно рассержусь на неё, если она снова прервёт меня.

    •
    - step back
    - step down
    - step forward
    - step in
    - step off
    - step out
    ••

    Step on it! разг. — Живей! Поторапливайся, поворачивайся!

    Англо-русский современный словарь > step

См. также в других словарях:

  • at all costs — adverb regardless of the cost involved he wanted to save her life at all cost • Syn: ↑at any cost, ↑at any expense * * * at all costs or at any cost No matter what the cost or consequences may be (also (old) cost what may) • • • Main Entry: ↑ …   Useful english dictionary

  • at all costs — if something must be done or avoided at all costs, it must be done or avoided whatever happens. The only other option is working on Saturdays which is something I want to avoid at all costs. He appears to have decided that he must stay in power… …   New idioms dictionary

  • Costs (English law) — Costs is a term of art in civil litigation in English law (the law of England and Wales), and in other Commonwealth jurisdictions. After judgment has been given, the judge has the power to order who will pay the lawyers fees and other… …   Wikipedia

  • All Star Baseball — is one of the two most popular baseball board games of the last sixty years, and has been honored as one of the fifty most influential American board games of all time. It was manufactured by Cadaco Ellis and designed by baseball player Ethan… …   Wikipedia

  • All American Five — The All American Five was a mass produced, superheterodyne radio receiver with five vacuum tubes first designed and produced in the USA in the 1930s.The radio was called the All American Five because the design represented the majority of radios… …   Wikipedia

  • Sunk costs — In economics and business decision making, sunk costs are retrospective (past) costs that have already been incurred and cannot be recovered. Sunk costs are sometimes contrasted with prospective costs, which are future costs that may be incurred… …   Wikipedia

  • For All Debts Public and Private — Infobox Television episode | Title = For All Debts Public and Private Series = The Sopranos Season = 4 Episode = 1 Guests= see below Airdate = September 15, 2002 Production = 401 Writer = David Chase Director = Allen Coulter Episode list =… …   Wikipedia

  • The Sum of All Fears — Infobox Book | name = The Sum of All Fears title orig = image caption = First edition cover art author = Tom Clancy cover artist = country = United States language = English series = Ryanverse genre = Thriller novel publisher = Putnam release… …   Wikipedia

  • New Fighter Aircraft program — A Canadian CF 18, winner of the NFA program, flies off the coast of Hawaii The New Fighter Aircraft (NFA) was a Canadian Forces program in the late 1970s to select a single new fighter aircraft to replace the fleet of CF 101 Voodoo interceptors,… …   Wikipedia

  • international payment and exchange — ▪ economics Introduction international exchange also called  foreign exchange        respectively, any payment made by one country to another and the market in which national currencies are bought and sold by those who require them for such… …   Universalium

  • United States non-interventionism — United States This article is part of the series: Politics and government of the United States …   Wikipedia

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
… Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»